大象传媒

Invisible Poetry: Secret-sharing Classrooms

Abstract

The reflections that follow are about the silent and invisible intertextualities of classrooms. The customary illusions we harbour of the seen and felt, the heard and overheard, pertain mostly to the poems we read with students. The one poem which is read aloud or silently by students is really a reading among innumerable texts by a multiplicity of readers that ineluctably deploy varied kinds of reading and random acts of attention. The secret of this phenomenon, seldom if ever known to its sharers, is explored here by reading two poems by Jules Supervielle and Denise Levertov. It is our inordinately vast and complex mnemonic resources to which the hypermediated world of the academy should remain both mindful and indebted. Although the theatrical textual events in a classroom often go unremarked, such spectral emanations constitute live evidence of where we live and what we live for.

Keywords: Poetry and Secrecy, Denise Levertov, reading relations, classroom spectrality, haunting.

In classrooms, all of us are wayward seekers of wisdom, each according to needs that need no regular plan or conscious recognition. There, our collective mnemonic sensoria rather than individual reading skills are at work. When teachers read poems with students, their minds are being raided by a host of inarticulate texts they do not read ostensibly. As a matter of fact, what they read are not quite those to which they have direct audio-visual access but many more others that echo in their minds. A subliminal concourse seems to present three kinds of texts for their access. Of these, some texts are remembered; some, forgotten. Others are remembered (but forgiven) as irrelevant or inappropriate to the subject at hand. Passages we read in class begin to converse nevertheless with other texts, voices, and visions, all assembled for the nonce if only to reassure us that as readers we ought to respect reading relations, the invisible bonds social-aesthetics afford us. Even the least diligent among us carry anthologies of unseen texts about us. We seem drawn towards and partake of such invisibly collective riches. Assorted and disparate, haphazard and fragmentary, our mnemonic resources seem to swell within a world adumbrated by T. S. Eliot鈥檚 (1963) 鈥淏urnt Norton鈥� as 鈥淲ords [that], after speech, reach / Into the silence鈥� (194). Of course Eliot鈥檚 reflections are centred mostly around words and music, but they extend toward speech, and its complete absence in silence. He alerts us to the unspoken, unheard music of poetry whose suggestion is sometimes far more haunting when it eludes the words we see, hear, speak, and are spoken. No wonder, Hugh Kenner (1959) called Eliot the Invisible Poet.

While the silence of literary decorum is still observed by most seasoned writers, texts of everyday life sometimes whisper to us words unheard by others, scenes thrown only on our mind-screens, epiphanies that inspired them, unbeknownst to anyone else. By this strange logic, the complete drama of Edgar Allan Poe鈥檚 (1842) 鈥淢asque of the Red Death鈥� plays out on my suburban streets. Sometimes I see a slow-moving crowd of corona masks, and overhear The Waste Land voice: 鈥淚 had not thought death had undone so many鈥� (Eliot 65). This strikes me as close as it can get to what Wolfgang Metzger (2006) calls 鈥渢he invisibly present鈥� in perception (136). 1

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Let us now sample a few invisibilities and silences of poetry classrooms, varieties of which are not unknown to readers. The persona of W. B. Yeats鈥檚 (1974) 鈥淎mong School Children鈥� observes rather gnomically that 鈥淧lato thought nature but a spume that plays/ Upon a ghostly paradigm of things 鈥︹�� and alludes in rapid row to Aristotle, Alexander the Great, and Pythagoras, all of them life-long learners who, sadly, look rather pathetic in old age: 鈥淥ld clothes upon old sticks to scare a bird鈥� (Yeats 129). Even as they are imprecise and perhaps far too irrelevant to qualify as pointed references to anything that one reads at hand, the 鈥済hostly paradigms鈥� nonetheless seem most apposite (and answer) to the readers鈥� private sense or mood. The line that inevitably cheers me up on such quaint occasions is W. H. Auden鈥檚 (1965): 鈥淭he blessed will not care what angle they are regarded from, / Having nothing to hide鈥� (242). Since students will hardly 鈥榮ee鈥� their teachers鈥� point if they haven鈥檛 seen a passage an older generation of readers cherishes, there is little chance of the young sharing this secret intertextuality with anyone at all. When you hear the Oriole sing, the tune is neither in the bird nor the tree but, the poet remarks, in the delighted ear of the recipient.

Philip Davis (2013) has caught this conundrum most charmingly. He tells us that readers often respond to an 鈥渋nner speech鈥� that they hear apart from a text鈥檚 voice, 鈥渁n electric association of feeling or a pang of memory.鈥� Such textual fragments gather within readers unbidden, and they suggest certain directions if only to suggest that the readers鈥� errancy has not altogether been pointless. Davis goes on to suggest that 鈥淭hese memorable fragments serve as metaphors for what readers [鈥�] may or may not quite recall. [鈥�] This idea that the text contains within it a niche for its secret personal meaning to the reader, thinking off the back of the text, also is itself one of the secrets of reading鈥� (129-30). Beneath every poem one reads to a class lie a large number of other poems, not always mimetically legible, nevertheless silently read, silently relayed.

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I have no other means here to illustrate this haunting, one鈥檚 listening to some ghostly double as it were, except by reading two poems, both secrets that poets sometimes feel rather privileged to share silently with their readers. Not only are they secrets of the trade but a deeper sense of secrecy that attends all creation. The first, 鈥淭he Child on the Stairs,鈥� is a poem by Jules Supervielle (2008), a Franco-Uruguayan poet (1884- 1960) who captures memory infolded in an experience of his 鈥渃hildhood/ haunting a favourite place.鈥� The visitant here is not a child, but Childhood that baulks at commitment or confrontation. 鈥淵ou hide from me, embarrassed,鈥� rues the poet:

but I was a kind of lodger in your house,
so now I can鈥檛 help recognizing you,
even though you make yourself invisible.
You prowl around me when no one鈥檚 looking,
and hurry away, as from an illicit meeting.

This short poem ends on a deal the poet offers Childhood. He wouldn鈥檛 tell anyone of this visitation but Childhood 鈥渕ust also keep our secret 鈥曗�渢his constant patter of my early footsteps on the present-day stairs鈥� (Supervielle/ Alvi 296). Another explicit line following this would certainly diminish the charm of this half-way deal between barter and offering, a gift promised in winks.

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My second example is a far more intricate and invisible exercise of a poem sharing a secret that challenges its knowing mind to share it without being compromised in public. Denise Levertov鈥檚 (1964) poem called 鈥淭he Secret鈥� is very much within the haunted precincts of a classroom, the more we reflect on the exquisite mysteries of reading poetry and poets. The narrative voice here cannot but be Levertov鈥檚 because it evidently bespeaks a puzzle involving 鈥淭wo girls鈥� who discover 鈥渢he secret of life鈥� in a poem of hers. The poet is intrigued. She does not know the secret. The news of the girls鈥� discovery of it is conveyed to her by 鈥渁 third person.鈥� The gist of it all is that the girls had found it but they are at a loss to say 鈥渨hat it was/ nor even// what line it was.鈥� Was it not, as we recall, 鈥渁 sudden line/ of poetry鈥� (my emphasis)? More than a week gone by, the girls have forgotten it鈥� 鈥渨hat it was;鈥� 鈥渨hat line it was;鈥� 鈥渢he secret// the line/ the name of the poem.

Is not all this simple, quite natural, as one would expect in reading poems in circumstances like this? How many of us remember exactly such 鈥渟ecret[s] of life鈥� we might have intuited in the poems we have read? What, in any case, makes this narrative a poem? Exactly half way through her lyric narrative, Levertov seems rather troubled by this 鈥渟ecret,鈥� not quite the secret the girls have since forgotten, but the poet鈥檚 secret fascination with 鈥渢he secret of life鈥� someone else claims to have found in her poem:

     I love them
for finding what
I can鈥檛 find,

and for loving me
for the line I wrote,
and for forgetting it
so that

a thousand times, till death
finds them, they may
discover it again, in other
lines,

in other
happenings.      (Levertov 33-34)

Note how the poet鈥檚 fascination with the 鈥渟ecret鈥� has suddenly begun to haunt her, now a 鈥渟ecret鈥� of another kind, somewhat of a magnificent obsession, how it has slowly, silently, transformed itself from the girls鈥� 鈥渟ecret鈥� into a rather cute puzzlement over their 鈥渇inding what I can鈥檛 find,鈥� to their 鈥渓oving me鈥�/ for the line I wrote, and again for their 鈥渇orgetting it鈥︹��. Lessons in the phenomenology of reading now begin to haunt the readers as well when the poet recognizes, first, that a poem鈥檚 ultimate fulfilment is in its performance elsewhere, among its readers. It does not matter who 鈥榩erforms鈥� the poem as long as the poem fulfils its dharma. Now this secret, what a poem for a reader might be, is hardly ever known to the poet, not even when the best commentaries salute its maker鈥檚 prodigious, invisible art. What the poem has since meant for every other of its possibly thousand readers will of course remain a riddle, especially for the poet who has made the poem and would love to solve it. Again, at every reading, the 鈥榩erformance鈥� is not the same even granting that the same person were to read it over and over again. We wonder how invisible, if not invincible, each of these readings will be, as we change, as the classes and consciousness change from year to year.

Now, what is it precisely the two girls have forgotten鈥� the details, so to speak, of their first 鈥榩erformance:鈥� who read it first, and who, after; loudly; silently; just listened as the other read it; even went over the lines together by turns 鈥�? Since no one reads the same poem twice (pace Heraclitus鈥檚 river metaphor), how crucial would the loss of that 鈥渟ecret,鈥� at first flush, be? All these are riddling, sheer fun to ponder when the poem prompts them, but finally, is the 鈥渟ecret鈥� then, not so much the 鈥渟ecret鈥� in the poem as that of its 鈥榩erformance鈥�? The poem鈥檚 last lines swell the poet鈥檚 mysterious fascination for the most difficult of all secrets. 鈥淚 love them,鈥� she says:

鈥� for
wanting to know it,
for

assuming there is
such a secret, yes,
for that
most of all.     (Levertov 34)

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That most of all now binds readers and the poet ineluctably in a relationship. Why? It is this assumption that keeps all writers going, and puts their readers on a trail, as it were. An invisible trail, to boot. It is not as though one has a secret of which the other knows nothing. The poem now haunts for its shared secret, at least for the assumption that if a secret is worth keeping, it is because it can be, someday will be, shared. A related thought: who might call anything a secret and still not feel specially privileged that they (alone) hold it? The magic of poetry, the art鈥檚 ardour, has seldom been caught so brilliantly as here. And so silently, ineluctably.

We are not yet done with such paradoxes when the class always begins to communally relish the fruits of a hermeneutic bid founded on a suspicion that the texts it reads surely bury more secrets than others (especially our revered critics) have unearthed in their readings. Again, that Poe (1844) story comes to mind, unbidden鈥� 鈥淭he Premature Burial,鈥� but my compulsive reflections on such matters as silently interred textual bits and pieces conduct me toward Frank Kermode鈥檚 (1979) Genesis of Secrecy. Kermode makes compelling reading when young readers first realize that texts of authority, especially the Biblical parables, invite what he calls divination that affords them insights into the secret worlds of text-building, a hoary tradition still celebrated or revered in all cultures:

What is the interpreter to make of secrecy considered as a property of all narrative, provided it is suitably attended to? Outsiders see but do not perceive. Insiders read and perceive, but always in a different sense. We glimpse the secrecy through the meshes of a text; this is divination, but what is divined is what is visible from our angle. It is a momentary radiance, delusive or not鈥�. When we come to relate that part to the whole, the divined glimmer to the fire we suppose to be its source, we see why Hermes is the patron of so many other trades besides interpretation. There has to be trickery. And we interpret always as transients鈥� of whom he is also patron鈥� both in the book and in the world which resembles the book (Kermode 144-145).

No harm either when we entertain, as a haunted community, the basic paradox that a secret is hardly one unless you share-hold it with someone, besides the more ethico-aesthetic challenge it poses. Held purely as an aesthetic object (like Levertov鈥檚 poem), the secret is tantalizingly seductive; but translated and verbalized, shared and explicated, where is the secret? When Jonathan Culler (2000), for example, wonders who speaks Robert Frost鈥檚 "The Secret Sits" (278-79), the haunting begins in a classroom while, as Frost puts it, 鈥渢he Secret sits in the middle and knows.鈥� Culler gets this much right: what the Secret knows, alas, is what we would always want to know. But that 鈥榢nowledge鈥� is certainly not of the kind the retention of memorizeable data gives the avid page-turner or the ace-annotator. Will anyone ever know, for example, what Maisie knew? What really happened in the Marabar Caves? What story Bartleby would have told us? The Secret sits in the middle and smiles.

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All that said, one student once brought this up for discussion: Would Page Du Bois鈥檚 (1991) observation add or subtract from such knowledge, she asked, that in Greek thought truth is supposedly hidden in the female body, and that its mysterious powers draw men to seek it often by violent means of intrusion and extortion. Absolutely appropriate and most pertinent, I thought, if the class was, as it seemed, still haunted by Margaret Atwood鈥檚 (1998) brilliant memoirist assay called 鈥淭he Female Body.鈥�(We had of course discussed the Atwood piece a couple of weeks ago, but what haunted me more personally was Atwood鈥檚 epigraph to her essay which read: 鈥渆ntirely devoted to the subject of 鈥楾he Female Body.鈥� Knowing how well you have written on this topic 鈥� this capacious topic,鈥� (343) which indeed sounded like the ghostly voice of an editor at the Michigan Quarterly Review where her article first appeared.) The class seemed however to recall Du Bois鈥檚 observation that Truth鈥檚 鈥渉iddenness, secrecy, female potentiality, the tempting enclosed interiority of the human body, [its] links with both treasure and death, with the mysteries of the other鈥� align it with the most vulnerable of the species, women and slaves (DuBois 91). No one could be sure when such insights lead us onward to another day when one reader or the other startles our peripheral vision for which we feel grateful.

Some Levertov poems are quite those haunted corners into which no one looks. I cannot recall a poem other than 鈥淭he Secret鈥� that haunts me still for the difficulty of getting its sonorous power into manageable discursive focus. This again ought not in fact to strike anyone as exceptional or unprecedented as Derrida (1994) reminds us that seeing ghosts is the most theatrical of textual events. And that gladdens teachers who have always seen the value of academic orality equal to that of some rich dramatic performance. Who would catch those delectable moments of a lecture where more than words spoken, their music perhaps of silences, auditory gaps, inflections, gestures and poses are more telling? And the logic of aligning spectral with the specular derives from Derrida鈥檚 remark in Specters of Marx that 鈥淎 spectral asymmetry interrupts here all specularity. It de-synchronizes, it recalls us to anachrony鈥� (6). Class and clowns are old bedfellows. No one sees a ghost in printed matter. When haunted, the classroom is ersatz theatre.

Note

1. For which, see Metzger鈥檚 Figure 140, a b/w photograph of a milling crowd, apparently waving to greet a celebrity or cheer a public spectacle at a distance. In a subtending note, Metzger comments: 鈥淥f all the people you see none completely, of most of them only a fragment of a face or arm. Nevertheless in no way do you have the impression of standing in front of a collection of arms and more or less complete heads, etc.鈥� (136).

Bibliography

Atwood, Margaret. 1998. 鈥淭he Female Body.鈥� The Fields of Reading: Motives for Writing. Ed. Nancy R. Comley et al. New York: St. Martin鈥檚 Press. 343-355.

Auden, W. H. 1948. 鈥淚n Praise of Limestone.鈥� Faber Book of Modern Verse. 3rd ed. Ed. Michael Roberts & Donald Hall. London: Faber, 1965.

Culler, Jonathan. 2000. 鈥淭he Literary in Theory.鈥� What is Left of Theory? New Work on the Politics of Literary Theory. Ed. Judith Butler, John Guillory, and Kendall Thomas. London & NY.: Routledge. 272-292.

Davis, Philip. 2013. Reading and the Reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Derrida, Jacques. 1994. Specters of Marx: The State of Death, the Work of Mourning, and the New International. Trans. Peggy Kamuf. New York: Routledge.

Du Bois, Page. 1991. Torture and Truth. New York & London: Routledge.

Eliot, T. S. 1963. Collected Poems 1909鈥�1962. London: Faber.

Kermode, Frank. 1979. Genesis of Secrecy: On the Interpretation of Narrative. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Levertov, Denis. 1964. Selected Poems [O Taste and See]. Ed. Paul a Lacey. New York: New Directions, 2002.

Metzger, Wolfgang. Laws of Seeing. Trans. Lothar Spillmann and others. Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press, 2006.

Supervielle, Jules. 2008. 鈥淭he Child on the Stairs.鈥� Trans. Moniza Alvi, Split World: Poems 1990 鈥� 2005 (Northumberland: Bloodaxe).

Yeats, W. B. 1974. 鈥淎mong School Children.鈥� Selected Poetry. Ed. A Norman Jeffares. London: Macmillan.127-130.

About the Author

K. Naarayana Chandran has been a teacher of English for 40-odd years. An occasional translator and writer in Malayalam, he has published more than 150 articles and 10 books. He has taught a wide variety of courses in Anglo-American literatures, critical and pedagogical theories, comparative and translation studies in Indian universities and colleges. He is Professor of English in the School of Humanities at the University of Hyderabad, India. chandran.english@aol.in

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