XXXIII. EPHORUS (Jac慰by FGrHist. 70) 1. Theo Progymn. 2, p. 71, 19 Sp.: 蟽蠀纬纬谓蠋渭畏蟼 未始 峒勎疚刮课, 峤呄勎蔽 蔚峒跋 峒愇何滇繓谓维 蟿喂蟼 峒愇枷苇蟽峥 蟺慰蟿峤 蟿峤 渭苇蟿蟻伪, 峒呄蔚蟻 峒斚囄滴 峤佄嘉课瓜屜勎废勎 蟺蟻峤赶 蟿峤 蟺蔚味蠈谓, 慰峒废屛 峒愊兿勎 蟿峤 峒拔蔽嘉参刮合屛铰 未喂峤 魏伪峤 蟺维谓蟿蔚蟼 慰峒 蟽蠀纬纬蟻伪蠁蔚峥栂 峒勎何课较勎迪 峒愇枷委蟺蟿慰蠀蟽喂谓 蔚峒跋 蟿峤 纬苇谓慰蟼 蟿慰峥ο勎. 峤 纬慰峥ξ 峒溝單肯佄肯 峒愇 蟿峥 蟺蔚蟻峤 位苇尉蔚蠅蟼 未喂始 伪峤愊勎酷喀 蟿慰峥 峒蟺伪纬慰蟻蔚蠉慰谓蟿慰蟼 位蠈纬慰蠀, 渭峤 蟿峥 峒愇较佅嵨肝坚砍 蠂蟻峥喯兾肝蔽 未喂伪位苇魏蟿峥, 蔚峤愇羔胶蟼 峒愇 峒蟻蠂峥 蟽蟿委蠂慰谓 蔚峒聪佄肺何滴 蔚峒跋蠋谓路 蟺维位喂谓 未峤 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿峥喯 峒愇较佅嵨肝嘉肯 未喂苇尉蔚喂渭喂.
2. Cic. orat. 57, 191: sequitur erg慰, ut, qui maxume cadant in orationem aptam numeri, videndum sit. sunt enim qui iambicum putent, quod sit orationis simillimus, qua de causa fieri, ut is potissimum propter similitudinem veritatis adhibeatur in fabulis, quod ille dactylicus numerus hexametrorum magni eloquentiae sit accommodatior. Ephorus autem, levis ipse orator, sed profectus ex optuma disciplina, paeana sequitur aut dactylum, fugit autem spondeum et trochaeum. quod enim paean habeat tris brevis, dactylus autem duas, brevitate et celeritate syllabarum labi putat verba proclivius contraque accidere in spondeo et trochaeo, quod alter e longis constaret, alter e brevibus, fieri alteram nimis incitatam, alteram nimis tardam orationem, neutram temperatam. 3 fieri ut is L: ratione A 8 quo (i. e. qu慰m) A 10 fieret
3. Quint. inst. 9, 4, 87: licet igitur paeana sequatur Ephorus, inventum a Thrasimacho, probatum ab Aristotele, dactylumque ut temperatos brevibus ac longis, fugiat <spondeum et> tr慰chaeum, alterius tarditate nimia, alterius celeritate damnata鈥
4. Cic. orat. 57, 194: Ephorus vero ne spondeum quidem, quem fugit, intellegit esse aequalem dactylo, quem probat; syllabis enim metiendos pedes, non intervallis existimat; quod idem facit in trochaeo, qui temporibus et intervallis est par iamb慰, sed eo vitiosas in oratione, si ponatur extremus, quod verba melius in syllabas longiores cadunt. Trochaeum intellege tribrachyn, cf. Dion. Hal. opuscul. vol. II praef. p. V.
5. Ibid. 64, 218: iam paean, quod pluris habeat syllabas quam tris, numerus a quibusdam, non pes habetur; est quidem, ut inter omnis constat antiquos, Aristotelen Theophrastum The慰decten Ephorum, unus aptissimus orationi vel orienti vel mediae: putant illi etiam cadenti. F. Leo, Herm. 24, 286. Quint. inst. 9, 4, 95 sq.
6. Philod. 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟺慰喂畏渭. VI 185, 25. 186, 1: 峒聪兿壪 未始 峒溝單肯佄课 峒尉喂慰峥 蟺蟻[峤赶 蟿]峤 蔚<峤>蟻蠀胃渭蠈蟿[伪蟿伪] * * 峒蟺慰蟿蔚位蔚峥栂兾肝盵喂 蟿峤次絔 位蔚喂慰蟿维蟿畏谓, 慰峤愊 峤呄勎 蟿峤次 未蠀谓伪蟿峤次 渭蔚胃慰未蔚蠉蔚蟽胃伪喂 蟿苇蟻蠄喂谓. Suppleas fere 蟺蟻峤赶 蟿峤 蔚峤愊佅呂肝枷屜勎毕勎 <峒愇疚迪佄澄兾毕兾肝蔽 蟿峤次 位苇尉喂谓 未喂峤 蟿峤 未蔚峥栁>
7. [Sergii] Explanatio in Donatum I (Gr. L. 螜V 531, 17 sq. K.): (quartae prosodiae i. e. 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟺蠅渭苇谓畏蟼) plura sunt vocabula. Ammonius... 峤尉蠉尾伪蟻喂谓 vocat, Ephorus autem Cymaeus 蟺蔚蟻委蟽蟺伪蟽喂谓. Adiecit fragmentis Jacoby. De rebus mere grammaticis hos scriptores egisse docent Protagorae, Prodici, Hippiae exempla.
8. Schol. BT Homeri Il. H 185: 慰峤愊 慰峒 伪峤愊勎酷蕉 纬峤跋 峒ο兾蔽 蟺伪蟻峤 蟺峋断兾 蟿慰峥栂 峒櫸晃晃废兾 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿峥喯佄迪. 未喂维蠁慰蟻伪 未峤 魏伪峤 蟿峤 蟿峥段 蟽蟿慰喂蠂蔚委蠅谓 峤谓蠈渭伪蟿伪 峤∠ 蟿峤 蟽维谓. 螝伪位位委蟽蟿蟻伪蟿慰蟼 未峤 峤 危维渭喂慰蟼 峒愊峤 蟿峥段 螤蔚位慰蟺慰谓谓畏蟽喂伪魏峥段 蟿伪蠉蟿畏谓 渭蔚蟿萎谓蔚纬魏蔚 蟿峤次 纬蟻伪渭渭伪蟿喂魏峤次 魏伪峤 蟺伪蟻苇未蠅魏蔚谓 峒埼肝肺轿蔽课瓜 峒愊委 峒勏佅囄课较勎肯 螘峤愇何晃滴次肯, 峤∠ 蠁畏蟽喂谓 峒溝單肯佄肯.
9. Polyb. XII. 28, 11: (Ephorus) 魏伪蟿峤 未苇 蟿喂谓伪 蟽蠀谓蟿蠀蠂委伪谓 蔚峤愊囄毕佄瓜兿勏屜勎毕勎 魏伪峤 蟺喂胃伪谓蠋蟿伪蟿伪 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿峥喯 蟽蠀纬魏蟻委蟽蔚蠅蟼 蔚峒聪佄肺何 蟿峥喯 蟿峥段 峒毕兿勎肯佄刮课诚佄喯壩 魏伪峤 位慰纬慰纬蟻维蠁蠅谓. Ad rem explicandam addimus Philodemi rhet. I 48, 23 S.: 慰峤愇 伪峤愊勎肯勎滴会繂 未始 峒愇合勎滴肝滴何毕兾刮, 魏伪委蟺蔚蟻 峒愊喂尾维位位慰谓蟿慰蟼, 慰峤愇瘁讲 蟿峤次 峒蟺蠈未蔚喂尉喂谓 蟿峤次 峤懴峤蚕 蟿慰峥 蟿峤次 蟽慰蠁喂蟽蟿喂魏峤次 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿峤跋 [位o纬慰]纬蟻伪蠁委伪蟼 魏伪峤 蟿峤跋 峒愊喂未蔚委尉蔚喂蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏谓 峤懴维蟻蠂蔚喂谓. De historici opere Ephorum verba fecisse etiam e Polybii XII 27, 7 apparet: 峤 渭峤参 纬峤跋 峒溝單肯佅屜 蠁畏蟽喂谓, 蔚峒 未蠀谓伪蟿峤肝 峒ξ 伪峤愊勎酷胶蟼 蟺伪蟻蔚峥栁轿蔽 蟺峋断兾 蟿慰峥栂 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟽喂, 蟿伪蠉蟿畏谓 峒偽 未喂伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂谓 蟺慰位峤 蟿峥段 <峒勎晃幌壩> 峒愇枷蔚喂蟻喂峥段. Ipse quidem ab Heraclidarum reditu historiam scribere exorsus, logographos impr慰basse videtur, quod mythos historiae insererent.
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XXXIII. Ephorus
1. Theon, Preliminary Exercises: It is forgivable when one falls into those metres that bear some similarity to prose, such as iambs; so much so that all writers fall unwittingly into this last metre. Ephoros, for instance, says in his book On Expression, in the very part where he prohibits using versified speech, right in the very first clause: 鈥業 shall speak of versified speech again.鈥
2. Cicero, Orator 57.191: It follows, therefore, that we need to look into which metres best fit a proper speech. Some think it is the iamb, since it is closest to natural speech, which is allegedly the reason why it is used in tales more than any other, to emulate truth; whereas the dactylic hexameter is more apt for magniloquence. Ephorus, however, an orator who is himself light-hearted, but coms from a very good school, follows the paean or the dactyl but avoids the spondee and trochee. For he thinks that since the paean has three short syllables, the dactyl two, the words slide down more steeply due to the shortness and speed of the syllables, while the opposite happens with the spondee and trochee: since one consists of long syllables, the other of short ones, one kind of speech becomes too hasty, the other too slow, neither moderate.
3. Quintilian 9.4.87: Ephorus follows the paean, which was invented by Thrasymachus and approved of by Aristotle, as well as the dactyl, because these metres are balanced through short and long syllables, but avoids the spondee and the trochee, rejecting the one as too slow, the other as too fast. 4. Cicero, Orator 57.194: Ephorus does not understand that the spondee, which he avoids, is equivalent to the dactyl, which he approves of; for he thinks we should measure a foot by syllables and not by pauses. He does the same with the trochee (here: tribrachys), which is equivalent to the iamb in lengths and pauses, but flawed in a speech if put at the end, since it is better for words to end in longer syllables. Cf. Dion. Hal. opuscul. vol. 2 Preface. p. V.
5. Cicero, Orator 64.218: The paean is by now regarded by some to be a metre, not a foot, because it has more than three syllables. It is, as all the ancients 鈥 Aristotle, Theophrastus, Theodectes, Ephorus 鈥 agree, the most apt by far for either the beginning or the middle of a speech; they even thought it was for the end, too. F. Leo, Herm. 24, 286; Quint. 9.4.95 f.
6. Philodemus, On Poems: He probably judges that Ephoros achieves the best rhythm in the smoothest way, not to speak of his going after whatever pleasure is possible. You might fill the lacuna with something like 鈥榤akes his style as rhythmical as possible because one must end in the smoothest possible way.鈥
7. Pseudo-Sergius interpretation on Donatus, I: For the fourth accentuation [that is, the one pronounced with a circumflex] there are many words. Ammonius [鈥 calls it oxybaris, Ephorus of Cymae perispasis. Jacoby adds this to his collection of fragments. That these writers dealt merely with grammatical issues is shown through the example of Protagoras, Prodicus and Hippias.
8. Scholion BT on Homer, Iliad 8.185: The Greeks did not have the same letters everywhere. The names of the letters themselves were different, like the san [instead of 鈥榮igma鈥橾. Callistratus of Samos brought over the writing system at the time of the Peloponnesian war and gave it to the Athenians during the archonship of Euclides, as Ephoros writes.
9. Polybius 12.28.11: And it so happens that his (Ephorus) most elegant and convincing digression is on this very subject of a comparison between historians and speech-writers. To explain this statement, we add Philodemus On Rhetoric 1.48, 23 S.: 鈥楴either did they expound as autonomous (although it would have been consistent) the proof of the thesis that the sophistic art is about writing speeches and making demonstrations.鈥 That Ephorus spoke also about the work of the historian is apparent also from Polybius 12.27.7: 鈥楨phorus writes that if it were possible for them to see with their own eyes all that happens, history would be entirely different from all other empirical sciences.鈥 He himself appears to have written historiography, starting from the return of the Heraclidae, and to have scolded the speechwriters for inserting myths into history. |