VIII. PRODICUS (Vorsokratiker 77. S4) 1. Plato Phaedri p. 267 B: 蟿伪峥ο勎 未峤 峒魏慰蠉蠅谓 蟺慰蟿苇 渭慰蠀 螤蟻蠈未喂魏慰蟼 峒愇澄晃毕兾 魏伪峤 渭蠈谓慰蟼 伪峤愊勧礁蟼 蔚峤懴佄肺何轿蔽 峒斚單 峤 未蔚峥 位蠈纬蠅谓 蟿苇蠂谓畏谓路 未蔚峥栁 未峤 慰峤斚勎 渭伪魏蟻峥段 慰峤斚勎 尾蟻伪蠂苇蠅谓, 峒位位峤 渭蔚蟿蟻委蠅谓. 3 未蔚峥栁 Paris. 未蔚喂谓峤 BT Cf. Isocrates 4, 11: 魏伪委蟿慰喂 蟿喂谓峤蚕 峒愊喂蟿喂渭峥断兾 蟿峥段 位蠈纬蠅谓 蟿慰峥栂 峤懴峤蚕 蟿慰峤合 峒拔次瓜幭勎毕 峒斚囄肯呄兾 ... 峤ハ兿蔚蟻 ... 蟽蠁峋断 渭峤参 未喂慰蟻峥段较勎毕 蟿峤跋 渭蔚蟿蟻喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪蟼 ... Idem 2, 33. Plato Leg. 719 E, 722 A. 韦hucyd. II 35, 2. Anaximenes 6 p. 35, 21 H.
2. Prol. in Hermogenem W VII 9 = P. S. p. 192, 24 Rabe: 蟿峥段 未峤 蔚峒跋 魏伪魏委伪谓 {魏伪峤 峒蟻蔚蟿峤次絵 未喂伪尾伪位位蠈谓蟿蠅谓 慰峒 渭峤参 位苇纬慰蠀蟽喂谓 伪峤愊勧酱谓 (sc. 峥ノ废勎肯佄刮横酱谓) 蟽慰蠁喂蟽蟿喂魏峤次 魏伪峤 峤佅佄段课较勎蔽 慰峤曄勏壪偽 鈥樜幌屛诚壩 峒跋兿囜胶蟼 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿慰峥 未慰魏慰峥ξ较勎肯 蟺喂胃伪谓慰峥.始 蟿慰蠉蟿慰蠀 未峤 蟿峤次 蟺蟻蠈蠁伪蟽喂谓 螤蟻蠈未喂魏慰谓 魏伪峤 峒瓜蟺委伪谓 蠁伪蟽峤 未蔚未蠅魏苇谓伪喂.
3. Quint. inst. 3, 1, 12: adfectus Prodicus (scil. tractasse dicitur).
4. Aristot. Rhet. 1415 b 9: 峒斚勎 蟿峤 蟺蟻慰蟽蔚魏蟿喂魏慰峤合 蟺慰喂蔚峥栁 蟺维谓蟿蠅谓 蟿峥段 渭蔚蟻峥段 魏慰喂谓蠈谓, 峒愥桨谓 未苇峥. 蟺伪谓蟿伪蠂慰峥 纬峤跋 峒谓喂峋断兾 渭峋段晃晃课 峒 峒蟻蠂蠈渭蔚谓慰喂, 未喂峤 纬蔚位慰峥栁课 峒愇 峒蟻蠂峥 蟿维蟿蟿蔚喂谓, 峤呄勎 渭维位喂蟽蟿伪 蟺维谓蟿蔚蟼 蟺蟻慰蟽峒愊囄课较勎迪 峒魏蟻慰峥段较勎蔽. 峤ハ兿勎, 峤呄慰蠀 峒偽 峒 魏伪喂蟻蠈蟼, 位蔚魏蟿苇慰谓路 魏伪委 渭慰喂 蟺蟻慰蟽苇蠂蔚蟿蔚 蟿峤肝 谓慰峥ξ, 慰峤愇羔讲谓 纬峤跋 渭峋段晃晃课 峒愇坚礁谓 峒 峤懳嘉勎迪佄课, 魏伪峤段 峒愊佱慷 纬峤跋 峤懳坚繓谓, 慰峒肺课 慰峤愇次迪蠋蟺慰蟿蔚 峒魏畏魏蠈伪蟿蔚 未蔚喂谓峤肝 峒 慰峤曄勏 胃伪蠀渭伪蟽蟿蠈谓. 蟿慰峥ο勎 未始 峒斚兿勎刮, 峤ハ兿蔚蟻 峒斚單 螤蟻蠈未喂魏慰蟼, 峤呄勎 谓蠀蟽蟿维味慰喂蔚谓 慰峒 峒魏蟻慰伪蟿伪委, 蟺伪蟻蔚渭尾维位位蔚喂谓 蟿峥喯 蟺蔚谓蟿畏魏慰谓蟿伪未蟻维蠂渭慰蠀 伪峤愊勎酷繓蟼.
5. Quint. inst. 4, 1, 73: contraque est interim prooemii vis etiam non exordio; nam iudices et in narratione nonnumquam et in argumentis ut attendant et ut faveant rogamus, quo Pr慰dicus velut dormitantes eos excitari putabat. 2 in exordio AP
6. Plato Crat. 384 螔: 魏伪峤 未峤 魏伪峤 蟿峤 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿峥段 峤谓慰渭维蟿蠅谓 慰峤 蟽渭喂魏蟻峤肝 蟿蠀纬蠂维谓蔚喂 峤偽 渭维胃畏渭伪路 蔚峒 渭峤参 慰峤栁 峒愇翅郊 峒の次 峒犖何肺合屛 蟺伪蟻峤 螤蟻慰未委魏慰蠀 蟿峤次 蟺蔚谓蟿畏魏慰谓蟿维未蟻伪蠂渭慰谓 峒愊委未蔚喂尉喂谓, 峒ノ 峒魏慰蠉蟽伪谓蟿喂 峤懴维蟻蠂蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿慰峥ο勎 蟺蔚蟺伪喂未蔚峥ο兾肝蔽, 峤ハ 蠁畏蟽喂谓 峒愇何滇繓谓慰蟼, 慰峤愇瘁讲谓 峒偽 峒愇合幬幌呂 蟽蔚 5 伪峤愊勎何 渭维位伪 蔚峒拔次轿蔽 蟿峤次 峒位萎胃蔚喂伪谓 蟺蔚蟻峤 峤谓慰渭维蟿蠅谓 峤蟻胃蠈蟿畏蟿慰蟼. 4 峒愇合幬幌呄兾滴 B 螤蟻慰未委魏慰蠀 蟿慰峥 螝蔚委慰蠀 蟿峤次 峒愊峤 蟿慰峥栂 峤谓蠈渭伪蟽喂谓 峒魏蟻喂尾慰位慰纬委伪谓 vocat Marcell. Vit. Thuc. 36, 峤谓慰渭维蟿蠅谓 峒魏蟻委尾蔚喂伪谓 Schol. Plat. Phaedr. 267 螔, 峤佅佄肝课蔚喂维谓 蟿蔚 魏伪峤 峤蟻胃慰蟻蟻畏渭慰蟽蠉谓畏谓 Themistius XXIII p. 350 Di. Huc fort. pertinet Schol. Townl. Il. 螤 594 sq. 峒愊勏佄蔚蟿鈥, 峒斘合勎滴刮轿滴 未峤 螔伪胃蠀魏位峥單 渭蔚纬伪胃蠉渭慰谓, 围维位魏蠅谓慰蟼 蠁委位慰谓 蠀峒贬焦谓: 鈥 围维位魏蠅谓慰蟼 鈥 螤蟻峤刮次刮何肯 峒蟺峤 蟿峥喯 蟿慰峥 蠂伪位魏慰峥 魏蟿萎蟽蔚蠅蟼 <峤∠> 魏伪峤 螔伪胃蠀魏位峥單. 蔚峒聪佄肺何滴 未峤 峒偽 围蟻蠉蟽蠅谓慰蟼 峒蟺峤 蟿峥喯 魏伪位位委蟽蟿畏蟼 峤曃晃废 (scil. 峒蟺峤 蟿慰峥 蠂蟻蠀蟽慰峥).
7. Aristot. top. 112 b 21: 峒斚勎 魏伪峤 蔚峒 伪峤愊勧礁 伪峤懴勧糠 蟽蠀渭尾蔚尾畏魏峤赶 峒斘肝肺何滴 峤∠ 峒曄勎迪佄课 未喂峤 蟿峤 峒曄勎迪佄课 蔚峒段轿蔽 峤勎轿课嘉, 魏伪胃峤毕蔚蟻 螤蟻峤刮次刮何肯 未喂峥兿佄滇繓蟿慰 蟿峤跋 峒∥次课结桨蟼 蔚峒跋 蠂伪蟻峤拔 魏伪峤 蟿苇蟻蠄喂谓 魏伪峤 蔚峤愊喯佄肯兿嵨轿肺轿 蟿伪峥ο勎 纬峤跋 蟺峤蔽较勎 蟿慰峥 伪峤愊勎酷喀, 蟿峥喯 峒∥次课结繂蟼, 峤谓蠈渭伪蟿维 峒愊兿勎刮. Cf. Plato Protag. 337 C, 358 A. Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 24.
8. Alexander Aphr. ad l. p. 181, 2: 螤蟻蠈未喂魏慰蟼 未峤 峒愊蔚喂蟻峋断勎 峒懳横奖蟽蟿峥 蟿峥段 峤谓慰渭峤毕勏壩 蟿慰峤幌勏壩 峒次次瓜屛 蟿喂 蟽畏渭伪喂谓峤刮嘉滴轿课 峤懴慰蟿峤毕兿兾滴刮, 峤ハ兿蔚蟻 魏伪峤 慰峒 峒蟺峤 蟿峥喯 危蟿慰峋断, 蠂伪蟻峤拔 渭峤参 位峤澄澄课较勎迪 蔚峤斘晃课澄课 峒斚伪蟻蟽喂谓, 峒∥次课结酱谓 未峤 峒勎晃课澄课 峒斚伪蟻蟽喂谓, 蟿峤诚佅埼刮 未峤 蟿峤次 未喂鈥 峤は勏壩 峒∥次课结降谓, 蔚峤愊喯佄肯兿嵨轿肺 未峤 未喂峤 位峤刮诚壩.
9. Hermias in Platonis Phaedr. p. 238, 22 (p. 191 Ast): 峤 螤蟻峤刮次刮何肯 蟿峤次 蟿峥段 峤谓慰渭峤毕勏壩 峒魏蟻峤肺参滴刮蔽, 慰峒肺课 未喂伪蠁慰蟻峤拔 蟿峤诚佅埼迪壪, 蠂伪蟻峋断, 蔚峤愊喯佄肯兿嵨轿废, 蟿峤诚佅埼刮 魏伪位峥段 蟿峤次 未喂鈥 峤は勏壩 峒魏慰峤滴, 蠂伪蟻峤拔 蟿峤次 蟿峥喯 蠄蠀蠂峥喯, 蔚峤愊喯佄肯冡交谓畏谓 蟿峤次 未喂峤 蟿峥段 峤渭渭峤毕勏壩. Ariolari interpretem patet.
10. Plato Euthyd. 277 E: 蟺蟻峥断勎课 纬维蟻, 峤ハ 蠁畏蟽喂 螤蟻峤刮次刮何肯, 蟺蔚蟻峤 峤谓慰渭峤毕勏壩 峤蟻胃峤较勎废勎肯 渭伪胃蔚峥栁 未蔚峥. Sequitur inter 渭伪谓胃峤蔽轿滴刮 et 尉蠀谓喂峤澄轿蔽 distinctio. Ad synonymicam hanc artem Plato Prodici nomine appellato praeterea adludit Protag. 337 sq., 340 A, 341 A sq., Menonis 75 E, Lach. 197 B sq., Charmid. 163 A sq. Aperta praeterea est adlusio Protag. 350 D. Eiusdem artis exempla habes in Xenophontis narratiuncula, quam ad Prodicum 峒愇 蟿峥 蟽蠀纬纬蟻峤蔽嘉嘉毕勎 蟿峥 蟺蔚蟻峤 峒┫佄蔽何会匠慰蠀蟼 refert Mem. 2, 1, 21 sq. (Diels Vorsokr. 77 B 2). Idem Xenophon de Cyro (Cyrop. 8, 1, 31) 未喂峥勏佄滴 未峤 伪峒拔瘁慷 魏伪峤 蟽蠅蠁蟻慰蟽峤晃轿肺 蟿峥囄次, 峤∠ 蟿慰峤合 渭峤参 伪峒拔次肯呂坚匠谓慰蠀蟼 蟿峤 峒愇 蠁伪谓蔚蟻峥 伪峒跋兿囅佱桨 蠁蔚峤晃澄课较勎毕, 蟿慰峤合 未峤 蟽峤较喯佄课轿毕 魏伪峤 蟿峤 峒愇 蟿峥 峒蠁伪谓蔚峥.
11. Anaximenes rhet. 4 p. 33, 1 H.: 峒未喂魏峤肺蔽 未峤 魏伪峤 峒佄坚奖蚁蟿畏渭伪 魏伪峤 峒赌蟿蠀蠂峤肺蔽 峤次 峤佅佱椒味蔚喂蟼螄 蟿峤 渭峤参 峒愇 蟺蟻慰谓慰峤肺毕 魏伪魏蠈谓 蟿喂 蟺慰喂蔚峥栁 峒未喂魏峤肺毕 蟿峤肺肝滴 魏伪峤 蠁峤蔽肝 未蔚峥栁 蟿喂渭蠅蟻峤肺蔽 峒愊峤 蟿慰峥栂 蟿慰喂慰蠉蟿慰喂蟼 蟿峤次 渭蔚纬峤废兿勎肺 位伪渭尾峤蔽轿滴刮轿 蟿峤 未峤 未喂鈥 峒勎澄轿课刮蔽 尾位伪尾蔚蟻峤刮 蟿喂 蟺蟻峤毕勏勎滴刮 峒佄嘉毕佅勧椒伪谓 蔚峒段轿蔽 蠁伪蟿峤澄课. 蟿峤 未峤 渭峤 未喂鈥 峒懳毕呄勧焦谓, 峒位位峤 未喂鈥 峒懴勧匠蟻慰蠀蟼 蟿喂谓峤跋 峒 未喂峤 蟿峤幌囄肺 渭畏未峤参 峒愊喂蟿蔚位蔚峥栁 蟿峥段 尾慰蠀位蔚蠀胃峤澄较勏壩 魏伪位峥断 峒赌蟿蠀蠂峤肺蔽 蟿峤肺肝滴 魏伪峤 蠁峤蔽肝 蟿峤 渭峤参 峒未喂魏蔚峥栁 蔚峒段轿蔽 蟿峥段 蟺慰谓畏蟻峥段 峒谓胃蟻峤较蠅谓 峒次次刮课, 蟿峤 未峤 峒愇疚蔽嘉毕佅勎滇繓谓 魏伪峤 蟺蔚蟻峤 蟿峤跋 蟺蟻峤蔽疚滴瓜 峒蟿蠀蠂蔚峥栁 慰峤 渭峤刮轿课 蔚峒段轿蔽 峒懳毕呄勧糠 峒次次刮课, 峒位位峤 魏伪峤 魏慰喂谓峤肝 魏伪峤 蟿峥段 未喂魏伪味峤刮较勏壩 魏伪峤 蟿峥段 峒勎晃幌壩 峒谓胃蟻峤较蠅谓. 3 峒未喂魏峤肺毕 (genitivo) codd. CDMPV: 峒未喂魏峤肺蔽 rell. Ad Prodicum fortasse referenda. Cf. Marciani 螖喂伪喂蟻峤诚兾滴瓜 (Aristot. Pseudep. 679 sq.) Nr. 45, Antiphon tetral. 螕 纬 4 峒斚兿勎 未峤 峒 渭峤参 峒赌蟿蠀蠂峤肺 蟿慰峥 蟺伪蟿峤蔽疚蔽较勎肯, 峒 未峤 蟽蠀渭蠁慰蟻峤 蟿慰峥 蟺伪胃峤刮较勎肯. 峤 渭峤参 纬维蟻, 峒愇 峤 峒斘聪佄毕兾滴 峒愇何滇繓谓慰蟼, 未喂伪蠁胃伪蟻蔚峤废, 慰峤 蟿峥 峒懳毕呄勎酷喀 峒佄嘉毕佅勧椒峋, 峒位位峤 蟿峥 蟿慰峥 蟺伪蟿峤蔽疚蔽较勎肯 蠂蟻畏蟽峤蔽嘉滴轿肯 峒蟺峤澄肝蔽轿滴, 峤 未峤 渭蔚峥栁断, 峤 峒斘肝滴晃, 蟺蟻峤蔽疚毕 蟿峥 峒懳毕呄勎酷喀 峒赌蟿蠀蠂峤丰境, 峤兾 慰峤愇 峒斘肝滴晃滴, 峒蟺峤澄合勎滴刮轿滴. Antiphon 5, 91 魏伪峤 渭峤次 蔚峒 未峤澄课 峒佄嘉毕佅勎滇繓谓 蟿喂, 蟿峤 峒未峤肺合壪 峒蟺慰位峥ο兾蔽 峤佅兾贯浇蟿蔚蟻慰谓 峒偽 蔚峒次 蟿慰峥 渭峤 未喂魏伪峤废壪 峒蟺慰位峤诚兾蔽. 蟿峤 渭峤参 纬峤跋 峒佄坚奖蚁蟿畏渭伪 渭峤刮轿课 峒愊兿勧椒, 蟿峤 未峤 峒曄勎迪佄课 魏伪峤 峒蟽峤澄参肺嘉. Cf. etiam Gorg. Hel. 15. 19, Aristot. rhet. 1372 b 16, 1374 b 4, 1405 a 26, 1416 a 14, Eth. Nic. 1135 b 11, Peters p. 12. Sunt apud oratores Atticos distinctiones, quae Prodicum sapiunt, v. e. g. Andocides 3, 11 (蔚峒跋佱降谓畏, 蟽蟺慰谓未伪峤), Isocrates Paneg. (4) 130 (魏伪蟿畏纬慰蟻蔚峥栁, 谓慰蠀胃蔚蟿蔚峥栁), Hel. (10) 14 (峒蟺慰位慰纬蔚峥栂兾肝蔽, 峒愊伪喂谓蔚峥栁), 魏伪蟿峤 螞慰蠂. (20) 9 (峒未喂魏峤肺, 峤曃蚕佄瓜). Amat talia orationis 蟺蟻峤赶 螖畏渭峤刮轿刮何课 auctor: [Isocr.] 1, 20 (蠁喂位慰蟺蟻慰蟽畏纬慰蟻峤肺, 蔚峤愊蟻慰蟽畏纬慰蟻峤肺), 1, 27 (蠁喂位峤刮何蔽晃肯, 魏伪位位蠅蟺喂蟽蟿峤迪), 1, 28 (蠂蟻峤滴嘉毕勎, 魏蟿峤滴嘉毕勎), amat Thucydides (iam Spengel, A. S. 54 sq.). Prodici verba apud Platonem Prot. 337 B 峒渭蠁喂蟽尾畏蟿慰峥ο兾 渭峤参 纬峤跋 魏伪峤 未喂鈥 蔚峤斘轿课刮蔽 慰峒 蠁峤肺晃课 蟿慰峥栂 蠁峤肺晃课瓜, 峒愊佱椒味慰蠀蟽喂 未峤 慰峒 未喂峤毕單肯佄酷椒 蟿蔚 峒愊囄赶佄酷蕉 峒位位峤滴晃课瓜 et Thucyididis 1, 69, 6 伪峒跋勧椒伪 渭峤参 纬峤跋 蠁峤肺幌壩 峒谓未蟻峥段 峒愊兿勎刮 峒佄嘉毕佅勎蔽结焦谓蟿蠅谓, 魏伪蟿畏纬慰蟻峤肺 未峤 峒愊囄赶佱慷谓 峒未喂魏畏蟽峤蔽较勏壩 composuit H. Gomperz p. 96. De Aristophanis Ran. 1157 sq. v. Rh. M. 69, 91 sq. Ab ipsis quidem scriptoribus, ne quid de philosophorum studiis dicam, multa eius generis videntur inventa, sed Prodici eos auctoritas movit. De re scripsit H. Mayer, Prodikos v. Keos, Rhet. Studien, 1. Heft, 2. Tl. Paderborn 1914, W. W枚ssner, Die synonymische Unterscheidung bei Thucydides und den politischen Rednern der Griechen, Diss. Berlin 1937.
12. Stob. IV 20, 65 (IV p. 468 H.): 螤蟻慰未峤肺何肯呂 峒愊喂胃蠀渭峤肺蔽 渭峤参 未喂蟺位伪蟽喂伪蟽胃蔚峥栂兾蔽 峒斚佅壪勎 蔚峒段轿蔽, 峒斚佅壪勎 未峤 未喂蟺位伪蟽喂伪蟽胃峤澄较勎 渭伪谓峤肺蔽 纬峤肺澄轿迪兾肝蔽. Cf. Xen. mem. 1, 3, 13.
13. Plato symp. 177 B: 蔚峒 未峤 尾慰峤晃晃滴 伪峤 蟽魏峤诚埼毕兾肝蔽, (慰峤 未蔚喂谓峤肝) 蟿慰峤合 蠂蟻畏蟽蟿慰峤合 蟽慰蠁喂蟽蟿峤跋 峒┫佄蔽何会匠慰蠀蟼 渭峤参 魏伪峤 峒勎晃幌壩 峒愊伪峤肺轿肯呄 魏伪蟿伪位慰纬峤蔽次肺 尉蠀纬纬蟻峤毕單滴刮, 峤ハ兿蔚蟻 峤 尾峤澄幌勎瓜兿勎肯 螤蟻峤刮次刮何肯 ...; Herculis laus a Xenophonte primo celebrata et saepe repetita Prodici 峤佄蔽瓜 inerat, quem librum Callimachus inter rhetorica numeraverat, idcirco ab aliis vituperatus (Schol. Aristoph. Av. 692).
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VIII. PRODICUS
1. Plato, Phaedrus 267 B: And once, when Prodicus heard from me about these matters, he laughed and said that he alone had discovered the art of proper speech, that discourses should be neither long nor short, but of reasonable length. Cf. Isocrates 4.11: 鈥榊et some criticize those speeches that surpass the ability of lay people [鈥 as if [鈥 they themselves could judge the right measure鈥︹ Ibid. 2.33: Plato Leg. 719 E, 722 A; Thuc. 2.35.2; Anaximenes 6 p. 35.21 H.
2. Prologue on Hermogenes: Among those who want to taint rhetoric as something bad, some call it sophistic and define it as follows: 鈥渟trength of words about what is seemingly convincing.鈥 They claim that Prodicus and Hippias gave us a reason to see it that way.
3. Quintilian 3.1.12: Prodicus (is said to have dealt with) the affects.
4. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1415b9: Further, engaging the hearers' attention is common to all parts of the speech, if necessary; for attention slackens everywhere else rather than at the beginning. Accordingly, it is ridiculous to put this at the beginning, at a time when all listen with the greatest attention. Wherefore, when the right moment comes, one must say, 鈥淎nd give me your attention, for it concerns you as much as myself鈥; and, 鈥淚 will tell you such a thing as you have never yet鈥 heard of, so strange and wonderful. This is what Prodicus used to do; whenever his hearers began to nod, he would throw in a dash of his fifty-drachma lecture. 5. Quintilian 4.1.73: On the other hand, sometimes the exordium does not have the value of a preface, since at times we ask the judges both during the narration and in the argumentative part to pay attention and to favor us, something by which Prodicus thought they would be aroused as if out of doze.
6. Plato, Cratylus 384 B: and surely knowledge of names is no small matter. Now if I had attended Prodicus's fifty-drachma course of lectures, after which, as he himself says, a man has a complete education on this subject, there would be nothing to hinder your learning the truth about the correctness of names at once. It is called 鈥楶rodicus of Ceos鈥檚 subtlety about words鈥 by Marcell. Life of Thucydides 36, 鈥榩recision with words鈥 Schol. Plat. Phaedr. 267 B, 鈥榗orrect use of words and rhythm鈥 Themisthius 23 p. 350.18 Di. Schol. Townl. Il. 16.594 f. may belong here: 鈥樷滸laucus, the leader of the Lycian warriors, turned around, and slew high-minded Bathycles, the dear son of Chalcon鈥 鈥 The name 鈥淐halcon鈥, according to Prodicus, stems from the possession of bronze, as does the name Bathykles. He could have said 鈥淐hryson鈥 from the most beautiful material (gold).
7. Aristotle, Topics 112 b21: Also, one may define that which is identical with itself as being different on the grounds that there is another word for it, as did Prodicus, who divided pleasure into joy, merriness and feeling good: these are all names for one and the same thing, pleasure. Cf. Plato Protag. 337 C, 358 A; Xen. Mem. 2.1.24. 8. Alexander of Aphrodisia p. 181.2: Prodicus attempted to assign to each of these words its own peculiar meaning, just like the Stoics define joy as reasonable elation, pleasure as unreasonable elation, merriness as pleasure through the ears and feeling good as pleasure through speech.
9. Hermias, Commentary on Plato鈥檚 Phaedros p. 238.22 (p. 191 Ast): Prodicus discovered precision in the choice of words; for instance, there is a difference between merriness, joy and feeling good: merriness is hearing something beautiful through the ears, joy is pleasure of the soul, feeling good that though the eyes. It is clear that the commentator is just speculating.
10. Plato, Euthydemus 277 E: First, as Prodicus says, one needs to learn about the correct use of words. There follows the distinction between manthanein and synienai. Plato also alludes to this synonymical art while uttering Prodicus鈥 name in Protag. 337 f., 340 A, 341 A f., Meno 75 E, Lach. 197 B f., Charmid. 163 A f. There is also an open allusion in Protag. 350 D. Some examples of this art are found in Xenophon鈥檚 little story that Mem. 2.1.21 f. refers to Prodicus 鈥榠n the work about Heracles鈥 (Diels Vorsokr. 77 B 2). Xenophon, again, on Cyrus (Cyrop. 8.1.31): 鈥楬e distinguished respectfulness and self-control in this way: the respectful flee what is shameful in the open, the self-controlled also what is shameful in the hidden.鈥
11. Anaximenes, On Rhetoric: You are to distinguish injustice, mistake and mishap as follows: call evil done on purpose injustice and say that for such deeds one must impose the greatest punishment available. Doing something bad because of ignorance is to be defined as mistake. Call the failure to attain the good things one was aiming at not because of one鈥檚 own actions but because of those of others or through chance mishap and say that committing injustice is peculiar to bad people, but making mistakes and being unlucky about one鈥檚 endeavors is not peculiar to oneself but common to the judges and to all other human beings. These words may refer to Prodicus. Cf. Marcian Distinctions (Arist. Pseudep. 679 f.) no. 45; Antiphon Tetral. 3.3: 鈥楢gain, while the victim suffered the ill-effect of the mischance, it is the striker who suffered the mischance itself; for the one met his death as the result of the other鈥檚 act, so that it was not through his own mistake, but through the mistake of the man who struck him, that he was killed; whereas the other did more than he meant to do, and he had only himself to blame for the mischance whereby he killed a man whom he did not mean to slay.鈥 Antiphon 5.91: 鈥楩or if it is necessary to commit a wrong, it is more acceptable to lose unjustly than to destroy unjustly. The former, in fact, is just a misdemeanor, the latter is also a sacrilege.鈥 Cf. also Gorg. Hel. 15.19, Aristot. rhet. 1372 b 16, 1374 b 4, 1405 a 26, 1416 a 14, Eth. Nic. 1135 b 11, Peters p. 12. The Attic orators often make distinctions that smell of Prodicus, see e. g. Andocides 3.11 (鈥榩eace鈥, 鈥榯reaty鈥), Isocrates Paneg. (4) 130 (鈥榓ccuse鈥, 鈥榗riticise鈥), Hel. (10) 14 (鈥榞ive a defense speech鈥, 鈥榩raise鈥), Against Loch. (20) 9 (鈥榳rong鈥, 鈥榳antonness鈥). The author of Against Demonicus loves such things: [Isocr.] 1, 20 (鈥榓ddressing friendly鈥, 鈥榓ddressing well鈥), 1, 27 (鈥榖eauty-seeking鈥, 鈥榓dornment-seeking鈥), 1, 28 (鈥榬iches鈥, 鈥榩ossessions鈥); as does Thucydides (already Spengel, A. S. 54 f.). Gomperz p. 96 compares Prodicus鈥 words in Plato Prot. 337 B: 鈥楧ebates are had by friends with friends out of love, arguments by opponents and enemies with each other鈥 to Thuc. 1.69.6: 鈥楥riticism is done to men one likes when they are wrong, accusation to enemies when they commit crimes.鈥 On Aristophanes Frogs 1157 f. see Rh.M. 69, 91 f. Ancient authors 鈥 not to speak of philosophical studies 鈥 came up with many such things themselves, but they were prompted by Prodicus鈥 authority. On this subject see H. Mayer, Prodikos v. Keos, Rhet. Studien, 1. Heft, 2. Tl. Paderborn 1914; W. W枚ssner, Die synonymische Unterscheidung bei Thucydides und den politischen Rednern der Griechen, Diss. Berlin 1937.
12. Stobaeus 4.20.65: Prodicus said that redoubled desire is love, redoubled love is madness. Cf. Xen. Mem. 1.3.13.
13. Plato, Symposion 177 B: And again, pray consider our worthy professors and the eulogies they frame of Hercules and others in prose, for example, the excellent Prodicus鈥 The praise of Heracles, made famous first by Xenophon, then repeated many times, was contained in Prodicus鈥 Horai, a book that Callimachus listed among the rhetorical works, thus attracting other people鈥檚 criticism (Schol. Aristophanes Birds 692). |